Investigation of the causes fire in Moscow in 1812

In September 1812, Moscow was burning continuously for six days.


On the role of the chief suspect for a long time claimed the Governor-General Fyodor Rostopchin. However, the idea seems to have belonged to Emperor Alexander I.

Commission of Historians, which on behalf of Mayor Yuri Luzhkov will look into the causes fire in Moscow in 1812, will face a difficult task. And not because of insufficient evidence. There is just something all right. Yes, and suspects in the arson of a dime a dozen. The problem is that any findings of the commission would be political.

If we approach the case impartially, it turns out that neither the army of Napoleon, nor patriotic Muscovites to the accident does not have exactly nothing to do with. Moscow burned down the central government in the person of Alexander I, who took a political decision, and performed his Moscow officials, who organized the destruction of the city entrusted to their care. Will this historical truth to the court on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon - the big question. However, knowledge of the facts in any case better than blind faith.

World War II in 1812 after crossing the Niemen, and the French entrance to the ... With the exception of the Battle of Borodino, it was anything but a classic confrontation between regular armies. ... Prior to 1812 was destroyed by fire, the ancient capital of the empire, similarly burned Vilna, Smolensk, and many other localities. The diary of a French officer in this regard by the descendants of the following impression: ...

Thanks to the scorched earth tactics in the Russian army finally managed to win the whole campaign. In this case, what is striking is not winning any battles! . In Western historiography there is a point of view that was the inspirer of Barclay de Tolly, the commander of the Russian army at the beginning of the war. However, at the time of the fire in Moscow, he has his command was removed. In addition, as an honest and, according to contemporaries, not enough stars from the sky campaigner, Barclay de Tolly and the step would not be stepped over without permission. Another thing - Mikhail Kutuzov, distinguished by a certain arbitrariness. But the burning of the First Throne Marshal assigned there is no way. There is evidence that he is undertaking to this relationship was not, and even interfered with the Moscow authorities to prepare for the destruction of the city. Finally, any professional military beginning of the XIX century, the idea of ​​fighting the enemy by destroying their own cities (as well as others ) are unlikely to come to a head. The idea of total war formulated by members of the German General Staff on the eve of World War I.. However, apparently the first time such a strategy has been applied much earlier and it was in Russia.

It is most clearly manifested in Moscow in autumn 1812. September second parts of the ... By this time the vast majority of the inhabitants of the ancient capital had already been outside the walls: the wholesale flight of Muscovites began immediately after the first rumors about the disappointing outcome of the Battle of Borodino. All these days the city had no ... Splash ' fire of patriotism, ... In Moscow, had virtually no civilian. Some agents in civilian clothes. First engaged in China- town and part of the city Yauzskaya. September 3, when Napoleon rode into the city, the fire blazed almost everywhere: Seating Yard, Pokrovka German settlement. The fire did not affect only the Kremlin, which, apparently, decided to spare - still a symbol of Russian statehood, the tomb of the great princes and kings. Although the heat of the huge fire could easily destroy and stone buildings of the citadel.

By the way, who is credited with the salvation of our main character - a big question. In the autumn of 1812 the Kremlin had great political importance to Napoleon, who was going there to negotiate with Alexander I.

Emperor of the French placed his bet that's where. But soon the fire began to approach the fortress walls of the Kremlin. According to eyewitnesses, Napoleon, looking at the ominous glow of the fire, said: ... This is a war of extermination. ... So that the salvation of the main monument in Moscow, at least in part, we are obliged to ...

On the ruins of the Count's.

Who gave the order to destroy Moscow? . The peak of the fire was in the first six days, although in some places there were new homes, burning right up to the French Army from Moscow in October. The fire affected two-thirds of Moscow and made a flourishing city in the mountain ash, charred beams and bricks. Of the 9151 house is completely burned down 6496, 122 out of 329 Church. In the fire died, according to various estimates, between 2 and 15 000 wounded Russian soldiers abandoned in Moscow.

By the way, Yuri Mikhailovich was not the first, who are interested in clarifying the causes of fire in Moscow. By the centennial of the War of 1812, this question has been studied thoroughly. And even then was dismissed as untenable version of the French - the arsonist, as well as speculation about the patriotic initiative of Muscovites. In the end, the suspect went to number 1. But with great political sensitivity. How to write a hundred years ago, ... - ... From censorship reasons, researchers did not pay attention to the lack of independence of actions the governor, so as not to cast a shadow over even reigning dynasty.

Count Fyodor Rostopchin left very contradictory testimony. That he was proud of his ... October 13, 1812 in a letter to the king of the mayor takes the responsibility to Kutuzov: ... And in his book ... likely to destroy than to give. I have seen many people who survived from Moscow after the fire, which boasted themselves lit their homes ...

As for patriotism, then, according to a study of Academician Tarle, Rostopchin home with his wife (by the way, converted to Catholicism ), spoke only in French, with their friends, too. Many years of life spent in the graph of Western Europe. As a contemporary of the golden age of Russian literature, according to the same Tarle, no idea, for example, the existence of Pushkin and Zhukovsky.

So, realizing the august will, Rostopchin hardly ... Just following orders.

Another three weeks before the start of the fire, and even two days before the Battle of Borodino Rostopchin already had a plan in case of surrender of the city. Alas, at the disposal of historians do not have the appropriate instructions for the signature of the highest. But not too urban, and ... Participation in the arson military officials are not subordinate governor, also testifies to this.

For example, in the minutes of September 24, the French Military Commission, the instigators of the next sudivshey ( all were arrested about 300 people), says that ...

The conclusion that the burning was planned at the very top, was made in the XIX century. Moreover, an apologist for autocracy, a trustee of the school district of St. Petersburg by Dmitry Runich. Having thoroughly studied the history of the fire, he came to this conclusion: ... In less than a century, as the mystery cleared up and the burning of Moscow, no doubt, be looked upon as one of the best pearls adorning the crown of Alexandra. Rostopchin is only the glory that he cleverly thought out and executed one of the great plans that have arisen in the human mind ...

After Alexander Borodin, I was a poor choice of further actions. Or destroy the city and leave the army of Napoleon with nothing, or to save the capital, but to agree to peace, which inevitably would have renunciation. And what is this choice? . So Moscow was simply doomed.

But every cloud has a silver lining. ... Garden Ring, for example, we are indebted to the events of two centuries ago. Because the outcome of the investigation of fire, started by the current mayor, could be the assignment of one of the main thoroughfares of the capital named after Alexander I.

Dennis Dobryakov.


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free newspapers

Prepare 100 000 rubles. per week for 6 months.

Over 9 years of my close interaction with the media about 10 free newspapers ( magazines) began their lives and as much of her and ended up (in this case came out a maximum of 3 issues each).

There were interesting and potentially successful projects that have died through the fault of management or sponsors of these publications, but most were stillborn initially created by ambition and unwillingness, inability, unwillingness (underline) dudes with a bunch of dough.

In today's post from the category. The practice of marketing. I will try to tell you about what you should pay attention when you plan your free issue of advertising and information newspaper, or you offer to advertise in the newspaper has just published. If I did not touch on, some of the items that interest you, then you can ask your question in the comments to this post.

Release of free newspapers.

What could be simpler: the bear stock bubble, think up a name register, type coder, figured out how to broadcast, print and spread?.

How it looks in reality.

Let's start with the cost of one issue. True figures are approximate m. to. in different regions ( printers ) cost the same printing and paper are different. No trade secrets there is no t. to. you still can ring up and printing you to calculate the cost of printing one edition of the data: the planned number of copies, color (one-, two-color or full color will be painted ), the number of pages in the newspaper, a paper (which will be taken directly from the supplier or printer )... .

Printing 16 pages of the order of 40-50 thousand. rub. Lower banding? . s. t. to. ubogonko looks, and options for supply of materials, and almost no makeup, but because you have competition. ;).

Logistics of the printing press to the distributors (all individually). Rates are different in different cities, and the distance between offices, printing houses, the area. In general, you understand.

Editor and layout. The editor should be a good manager, that your whole motley company will bring to life, kicking, control, etc. n. It is desirable that the editor may also podverstyvat m. to. There are rush jobs.

layout. For the first time, you can agree with those who are already working in other newspapers. Shabashat layout (especially during elections ), I occasionally catch myself ...

Sellers of advertising - it's your all!.

If you are important gains, rather than show-off to mark the ownership of a newspaper, the advertisers are the ones who are in the first half of the year will be to minimize your losses. On one hand advertisers pay depends on their performance m. to. they work for the % of revenue, but in the new edition is very difficult to sell, so you probably will pay a minimum % or higher a good portion of the fixed part of the salary. Ideally, to lead its competitors to a good seller and he had the leadership and organizational qualities, and, of course, a person must not conflict. After all, he will steer the rest of the sellers, and the atmosphere in the team means a lot.

Accounting - for the first time, go and outsourcing.

distribution. And here is the interesting point.

I am opposed to newspapers, magazines distributed on different racks in the business centers, hotels, etc. n. Typically, these racks are not very good places, visitors, for whatever reasons, they take little replenishment of racks just lame. Neither edition in my mind that free extended only through the racks and not obtained the required number of readers to analyze their audiences.

Real options - is available through the promoter on the busiest intersections of the city or the breakdown of the zones (areas ) and a set of distributors out there that will serve a particular area. Over the distributors is the head of service distribution. And how the officer would approach the recruitment, control, out of critical situations (of which later), will depend on the quality and distribution of your newspaper. On the distribution you will spend about a third of the cost of printing.

Weeds distributors. They are many and often. So you need a competent manager over them with nerves of steel. Promiki kosyachat, throw out the handout, do not comply with work schedule. And if the street rain or snow, it is a good chance that your a newspaper turn into a wet paper substance of unknown purpose.

Promiki as well as conventional porayonnye distributors like at the last moment to refuse to work or do not get it. The replacement must be found within a few hours if not minutes. Remember that the distributors are not very many and it is usually the main or additional income for seasonal work. Not a very important population: students, alcoholics, etc. n. - It is normal that you want to tightly control and be prepared to substitute.

In organizing the distribution of mailboxes purchase the universal keys for intercom ( they cost a couple thousand and can be reprogrammed, if not mistaken ).

If you think you can sum up the spread, but your mercenaries distributors, it is not so. There are still drivers. You hire gazelku that she brought some copies from the printing press to the site distribution. Sometimes gazelki not we reach the destination or unloaded in another place, but not that which is necessary for you (the other house, roadside trash... lots of variations ).

Quality of distribution - is the main weak link in all the newspapers and magazines that I've seen.

And without a good quality - even in your paper cat litter is not likely to fall.

Now for the content m. e. contents.

Of the existing competitors in Murmansk has the right to life, in my opinion, only the ... Circulation less than 100,000 of our, but the precise positioning, and therefore, perhaps, there is a demand.

But the dead ... Lost, perhaps, the popular wisdom - who is the first order and sneakers! .

I know that many of our advertisers advertise at us, because the same are placed there by their competitors ( gregarious - taxis! ). Then just look circulation, research.

What is worth doing, and what is not?.

To begin with let's talk about the title. The names of the top free newspapers just creativity: ... I get a newspaper for the first time and what I expect, for example, from the ... Remember that your newspaper audience - those who can not or do not want to buy conventional TV guides, people with not very high level of income, but for, the very massive. They need a TV program for which no fees, and other useful background information, so the title with a 100% positioned on the surface - ... Free TV Schedule. ... That's it!.

Here again, ... This guys are great!.

Now my thoughts about the cases in which it is worth trying, and when not, run a free weekly. If all the above mentioned items you will not frighten the population of your city is about 300 thousand. people and you have more than 2 competitors who have long been on the market and you do not have brilliant ideas about how to make your paper more interesting and useful to the public, here's my number, purse web money:. Z368224960565. its 600 thousand. You can list it m. to. effect will be even better than if you invested in a newspaper no use to anyone. And if you have a mega - genius idea, I am happy to answer your questions, so that all you got.

All thanks and goodbye. And the next post about free newspapers will focus on how to choose a free newspaper to place their advertising and information, and that in fact is located, where the hell knows. ;-).

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Updates to the blog. e-mail. or. RSS. And also, ask your question in my. twitter. and get an answer! .

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guards:.

Number one you want to promote yourself as an expert? . Cheap Web Hosting. and then. site promotion. and you will be pulled. people. ,. search Engines. ugh money.

Number 2, even if you do not particularly interested in whether you have blue - blooded aristocracy, you're not a fan of history, that somehow I am sure that you are in any case, it will be interesting. the origin of surnames. or. what does the name. your children and loved ones. I've for instance, I know that my name came from the castle in one area of ​​the Vologda region. And what do you know about your family?.

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As well as advice on. advertising Murmansk. and. marketing Murmansk.

Norwegian suicide visited Belarus

Learned the details of the biography of Anders Breivik terrorist who killed 93 people in Norway.
In his manifesto A European Declaration of Independence, which is published on the Internet, the Norwegian suicide describes Belarus as a country which has suffered from Chernobyl: ... And they did not want to prevent the spread of contaminated agricultural products. In addition, the dictatorship in Belarus continued to intentionally distribute agricultural products from the affected areas. I was in Belarus, and I can personally confirm this. I talked with dozens of people who have no choice but to eat contaminated food. 60% of the fallout fell in Belarus ...

Breivik says that the accident at Chernobyl pushed back the Soviet Union undermined the strength of the Soviet Union. He believes that a similar accident in Western Europe, can destroy the European Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - EUSSR - so he invented the acronym for the European Union.
However, he explicitly endorses the policy of the Belarusian authorities, pounding himself in the international isolation.
Breivik divides Europeans on the three European races. Belarusians, he refers to the Nordic type. He writes in his manifesto that in Belarus, mainly in its northern part, to the 1990 population of 50% of Nordic type, now only 30 %, and by 2070 will not exceed 15 % of Nordic type. As an example, the nationalist party, for some reason he leads the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus Sergei Gaidukevich.

The terrorist writes that the very first country to try to escape the hegemony of the European Union \\ United States of Europe, will receive numerous problems: ... Even Serbia has chosen the patronage of the European Union rather than risk of ending up as a new Belarus ...

According to the National Police chief Svenunga Slongeyma, Internet revelation suspect suggest that he held right-wing anti-Muslim views.

On a personal page on Facebook Breivik calls himself a Christian and conservative, and among his hobbies, he said bodybuilding and Masonry.

The manifesto found fragments that have been copied from the works of American demolition of single Tedd Kaczynski, also known as the ... In particular, the Norwegian statement that his actions were ... American bombs sent out by mail during the period from 1978 to the 95th. He opposed technological progress. He was supported by some public figures of the left -wing and anarchist.

Anders Breivik has made an unprecedented attack on Norwegian society, the explosions killed 100 people. Who is the terrorist convinces the police that he acted alone. He faces up to 21 years in prison. This is the maximum punishment under Norwegian law.